20+ Best Free Open Source Shopping Carts

20+ Best Free Open Source Shopping Carts Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!20+ Best Free Open Source Shopping CartsUpdated On 22/09/2018Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : ResourcesShort URL : https://hbb.me/2CGrLG0 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogChoosing an eCommerce shopping cart solution may be overwhelming.You really need to analyze the features, compare them and more. Some carts are suited for particular products and some for other business. You can download them for free. Find the right cart software package, which you believe, is good in terms of features and security.Here I prepared a list of best and free Open Source Shopping Carts. Being Open Source is a great advantage, earlier I prepared a list of 15 Free Best Open Source Forums. And also we reviewed 3 Best Hosted Shopping Carts.1. PrestashopPrestashopPrestashop is robust, professional grade e-Commerce shopping cart that you can download, install, and use for free. In the back end, yo u will use a full featured back end to manage your inventory, orders, shipping, and customers in real time. Your customer’s payments are sent directly to your commercial bank account using the latest security technology. You can even add your own modules to the shopping cart.2. OpenCartOpencartOpenCart is an open source PHP based online shopping cart system. OpenCart is easy to use and is SEO optimized with a very nice interface. A great feature of OpenCart is that customers can write their own reviews of the products.3. MagentoMagentoMagento is a professional open-source e-Commerce solution offering unprecedented flexibility and control. Magento is awesome, I would never believe it is an open-source project. It features clean urls and SEO from the start. Everything is designed in a clean and simple way. Magento also features: Unlimited flexibility, Completely Scalable Architecture, Professional and Community Support, and Smooth Integration with 3rd party apps.4. AgoraCartAgoraCar tAgoraCart is another very popular online shopping cart, written in Perl/MySQL. It features a css manager so you can edit the look of your cart online. AgoraCart also features unlimited product options, up to 4 different tax zones at the same time, tons of shipping and payment gateways/options. The setup options range from a simple template based store to the integration of a complex visual design and support for program modification.5. Zen CartZen CartZen Cart is a free, user friendly, open source shopping cart. Zen Cart focuses on the merchants and shoppers instead of the developers. Zen Cart also supports multiple payment and shipping options, quantity discounts and coupons. Also Zen Cart is very easy to install.6. osCommerceosCommerceosCommerce is an online shopping cart that offers a wide range of features that allows online stores to be setup fairly quickly. osCommerce is backed by a great and active community. It also supports multiple currencies, allows customers to print in voices from the order screen, and has an easy database backup system.7. StoreSpritestorespriteStoreSprite is a powerful, free PHP/MySQL shopping cart system that is easy to install and customize. The Cart is free but it does have copyright notices that you can pay to get rid of. StoreSprite has many features including automatic tax calculation, automatic delivery cost calculations, customer ratings and reviews and featured products.8. UbercartUbercartUbercart is an exciting open source e-commerce package that fully integrates your online store with Drupal, the leading open source content management system. This is a killer combination for anyone looking to build a community around a product, sell access to premium content, offer paid file downloads, and much much more! Ubercart leverages the advantages of Drupals major core and contributed systems, providing your users with shopping cart functionality that integrates with other parts of your company or community website.9. Open Fo r Business ApacheOpen For Business â€" ApacheThe Apache Open For Business Project is an open source enterprise automation software project licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0. By open source enterprise automation we mean: Open Source ERP, Open Source CRM, Open Source E-Business / E-Commerce, Open Source SCM, Open Source MRP, Open Source CMMS/EAM, and so on. Being open source under the Apache 2.0 license and driven by a community Apache OFBiz offers both flexibility by design and by access to code, and a solution where youre not alone but rather can work with many others to get things done.10. ZenMagickZenMagickZenMagick is an addition to Zen Cart, one of the major Open Source e-commerce applications. It provides database access to virtually all data relevant to templates (and more) via an object oriented API. ZenMagick also includes an alternative theme/templating system which offers a superior separation of application code and custom HTML. ZenMagick layout and view file s are exceptionally simple to make real customisation as easy as possible, while still supporting useful Zen Cart admin settings.11. nopCommercenopCommercenopCommerce is a fully customizable shopping cart. Its stable and highly usable. nopCommerce is an open source e-commerce solution that is ASP.NET 3.5 based with a MS SQL 2005 (or higher) backend database. Their easy-to-use shopping cart solution is uniquely suited for merchants that have outgrown existing systems, and may be hosted with your current web host or their hosting partners. It has everything you need to get started in selling physical and digital goods over the internet.READ70+ Resources To Download Free Icons12. TomatoCartTomatoCartTomatoCart is the new generation of open source shopping cart solution developed by Elootec Technology Co., Ltd. It is branched from osCommerce 3 as a separate project. Their goal is to make TomatoCart one of the best online shopping cart slotuions. As web applications become more and more sophisticated, modern web 2.0 technologies such as Ajax and Rich Internet Applications offers significant usability improvements and makes interacting with the web interfaces faster and more efficient. Weve compared a lot of frameworks and come to the conclusion that ExtJS is the best framework for TomatoCart.h3>13. a href=http://www.digistore.co.nz/ title=Digistore target=_blank rel=nofollow>DigistoreDigistoreDigistore Ecommerce 4.0 is a fully featured open source ecommerce solution based on the popular osCommerce engine. Boasting improvements both to the administration and the end user experience Digistore has quickly become a popular choice for people wishing to market products online.14. Spree CommerceSpree CommerceBased on the popular Ruby on Rails platform with support for the latest releases. Powerful extension system which allows for simple and rapid site customization. Supports customized logic for taxation, shipping, discounts and coupons. Open Source Completely free to use.15. ZeuscartZeuscartZeus Cart is an incredibly stable richly-interfaced, open source shopping cart and its a simple E-commerce software package which allows, even a non-technical person to open an online store on the Internet, with minimal efforts. ZeusCart is a web-based PHP/My SQL shopping cart which is simple, powerful and easy to use.16. JadasiteJadaSiteJadaSite is an open sourced content management and e-commerce system. JadaSite is licensed under GNU General Public License (GPL) V3. The GPL v3 is a popular license and we believe this license will ensure greatest interoperability with other code in the open source community. Contributors and developers can includes existing code into JadaSite without fears that the new code may be incompatible with JadaSite.17. Ecommerce Shopping Cart SoftwareEcommerce Shopping CartEcommerce Shopping Cart Software is a free shopping cart software solution enabling small businesses to sell online using a reliable, easily customizable, fe ature packed, high performance online shopping cart with no coding required. The Ecommerce Shopping Cart Software program is an easy to install and easy to use ecommerce solution. Ecommerce Shopping Cart Software has the following features inside the shopping cart system.18. VirtueMartVirtureMartVirtueMart is an Open Source E-Commerce solution to be used together with a Content Management System (CMS) called Joomla!. Joomla! and VirtueMart are written in PHP and can be used in typical PHP/MySQL environments. With its a fully-featured eCommerce Engine VirtueMart is perfect to sell your Goods online and drive your Business to new Heights. Despite being Open Source Software it powers large Online Shops providing the Performance, Usability and Security you expect from professional Software.19. jCartjCartjCart is a free Ajax shopping cart that’s easy to install and customize. Based on jQuery and PHP, jCart handles visitor input without reloading the page and is fully functional ev en without javascript. No complicated manual or new syntax to learn. Easy integration with existing storefront.20. CF ShopkartCFShopKartCF Shopkart is a free e-commerce solution for Coldfusion developers and online store owners. This Coldfusion shopping cart is absolutely free. This doesnt mean it is poorly made. In fact, I have spent more than 5 years developing it, and working to improve on it. CF Shopkart is perfect for anyone that just needs an affordable solution. You never have to pay a dime for CF Shopkart if you dont want to.21. dashCommercedashCommercedashCommerce is an ASP.NET Open Source e-Commerce Application. Built using some of the latest technologies, dashCommerce is focused on providing a robust e-commercce application that is stable and highly usable. In addition, the dashCommerce community is one of the most active communities in the open source / .NET space, so take a look around. PayPal a simple weight-shipping calculation provider are integrated by default.22. Idut ShopidutIdut Shop is a simple and elegant open source PHP shopping cart for Google Checkout. It can be easily customized and incorporated into an existing website. Written in PHP, you can add products from the easy to use control panel this includes adding images and setting prices. Idut Shop for Google Checkout is simple to install and uses a MySQL database. Idut is focused on creating quality websites and graphics. Idut write both commercial website software and free, open source website scripts.If you really found this list to be useful, then dont forget to share and retweet it. You can subscribe to HellBound Bloggers RSS Feeds for daily tips.

Jan Steen’s Self Portrait in “The Continence of Scipio”...

Jan Steen’s Self Portrait in â€Å"The Continence of Scipio† as a Social Commentary There is a tremendous difference between a fool and a jester. Fools are regarded as light-hearted, dim-witted, and absent-minded people whose outrageous stupidity amused the rest of the population. These jovial folk represented the lowest in society: too carefree to get ahead in society and too stupid to care. Many people believed that Jan Steen, a prominent and well-educated artist of the Dutch Golden Age, was a fool. It is not a far-fetched assumption to make since he donned the appearance of a fool in his own paintings. However Steen was no fool. Much like the history of jesters, Jan Steen’s unsavory appearances in his own work is often misunderstood and†¦show more content†¦He also suffered some money problems during this time and had out several loans (Chapman, 1996). Many people have concluded that Steen’s money problems stemmed from his dissolute lifestyle. However, during that time the second Anglo-Dutch war had broken out causing a severe drop in the a rt market (Chapman, 1996). The post-reformation society seemingly obsessed with purity, justice, and goodness seemed to suffer a blow to its heavenly faà §ade when corruption among some of the most prominent leaders of society was exposed. In 1673 William III and the Deventer fathers were found to be corrupt and traitorous to the Dutch Republic (Kunzle, 2000). These men were meant to be the epitome of what it meant to be Dutch. They were meant to be symbols of temperance, virtue, and justice and were often related to Scipio Africanus, a Roman general (Kunzle, 2000). Scipio was a popular subject matter in art, especially in 17th century Holland. During this time the middle class became the major patrons of art. The Netherlands had just declared their independence from Spain and wanted paintings reflecting their new Dutch identity (Shaw-Eagle, 1996). Many artists gained fame by doing genre paintings such as scenes from everyday life. The years earlier had shown the public’s desire for genre and history painting (Meagher, 2000). Some, took old stories of

Youth And Social Construction - 1236 Words

The intricate nature of youth means that while some argue it is a universal stage of life, it is seen by many as a formation of sociocultural elements. Social construction can be defined as something that has been shaped by the values, interests or practices of a culture or society and this is evident in the youth demographic through its revolution in recent years. The markings of youth are social in formulation; highlighting the way in which young people have been influenced by differing trends and movements. Youth is a transitional phase, its age bracket extending and blurring; transcending global divides and traditions. Thus, it is the social context that surrounds youth which suggests that it is not a universal stage of life. Ultimately, the idea of youth when viewed in a historical and cultural context as well as in relation to other socially influenced concepts such as adulthood, can be observed as a social construction. A Post-First World War occurrence, the concept of youth emerged as a historically comprised debate in response to the social, political and cultural shifts at the time. Youth became a label used to categorize a particular age group, with education and perceived life progress used to mark the unfixed period between childhood and adulthood. It has been suggested that there has been disruption in the general life patterns’ for young people present around the time of, or born just after the First World War (White Wyn, 2008). The statement is helpfulShow MoreRelatedThe Social Construction Of Contemporary Youth Cultures2156 Words   |  9 PagesTopic: Globalisation is an important factor in the social construction of contemporary youth cultures (i.e. information technology, communication, fashion). As we know, globalization is considered to be the process of ideas, goods and communication flowing cross-border with unprecedented speed, range and volume. It is regarded as the presence of the same lifestyles, products, consumption patterns, and cultural experiences across the globe, across many economically AF fluent or economically poor countriesRead MoreExamine How Social, Historical and Spatial Constructions of Childhood and or Youth Inform the Design, Practices and Values of a Selected Institution of Childhood or Young People.733 Words   |  3 PagesExamine how social, historical and spatial constructions of childhood and or youth inform the design, practices and values of a selected institution of childhood or young people. Childhood is not a biological state, unlike infancy (Postman) it is a construction placed upon a group of humans by society (James and Prout). Differing societies have different views of what a child is and should be. 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Jane Eyre s Coming Of Age - 1335 Words

In Charlotte Bronte’s coming of age novel Jane Eyre, the main character Jane not only struggles with the aspects of social class deviations but also her journey to find her own faith in God and religion. On her journey she encounters three greatly different variations on Christian faith, all of which, though she ultimately rejects, help her come to her own conclusions of her own faith and spirituality. Her first true questioning of religion is with her friend and Lowood school Helen Burns. Jane finds Helen to be serenely devout in her faith in God, and Jane admires her for it. However, Jane struggles to accept Helen’s passive view, as it lacks the understanding that Jane seeks. Also, at Lowood Jane encounters the owner of the school Mr. Brocklehurst, who acts as a dictator over the girls and teachers at Lowood. His religious ideals are those of sacrifice but it is apparent that Mr. Brocklehurst takes no consideration of these ideals in his own life style. Jane immediate ly rejects Mr. Brocklehurst’s point of view as it is so obviously hypocritical. Finally Jane meets her cousin St. John, a minister. Upon observing him and observing one of his sermons she realizes that though he is driven and passionate his views focus on â€Å"disquieting aspirations† as oppose to the uplifting of spirituality. She realizes that St. John lacks a true understanding of what faith and spirituality really mean. In Jane’s search for spirituality her journey leads her to find her own faith through theShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre And Fahrenheit 4511381 Words   |  6 PagesJane Eyre and Fahrenheit 451 are two pieces of literature destined to stand the test of time. They both possess various traits which distinguish themselves as ‘classics,’ thereby allowing them to be relevant novels regardless of the time period. 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Morning in Nagrebcan free essay sample

Download this Document for Free him with his fists. He accompaniedevery blowwith a curse. I hope you die, youlittledemon,he said between sobs, forhewas crying and he could hardly see. Ambowriggled and struggled and tried tobite Baldos legs. Failing,he buriedhis face inthe sand and howled lustily. Baldo nowleft him and ran tothe black-spottedpuppy which he caughtup in his arms, holdingitagainsthis throat. Ambo followed, crying out threatsand curses. He grabbedthe tailofthe puppyand jerked hard.The puppy howled shrilly and Baldo let it go,but Ambo kept hold ofthe tail as the dogfell tothe ground. Itturnedaroundand snappedat the hand holding itstail. Its sharp little teeth sank into the fleshy edge of Ambos palm. With a cry, Ambo snatchedaway his handfrom the mouth ofthe enragedpuppy. Atthat moment the windowofthe house facing the streetwas pushedviolentlyopen and the boys father,Tang Ciaco, looked out. He saw the blood fromthe toothmarksonAmbos hand. He called out inarticulatelyand the twobrotherslookedup in surpriseand fear. Ambohid his bittenhandbehindhim. Baldo stoppedtopick upthe black-spottedpuppy,butTang Ciaco shoutedhoarselytohim not to touch the dog. AtTang Ciacos angry voice, the puppy had crouched back snarling,its pink lips drawn back, the hair onits back rising. The doghas gone mad,the man cried,coming downhurriedly. Bythe stove in the kitchen,he stoppedto get a sizeablepieceoffirewood,throwing an angry look and a curseatNana Elang forlettingher sons play with the dogs. He removedasplinterortwo,then hurrieddownthe ladder, cursingin aloud angry voice.Nana Elang ran tothe doorway and stood there silently fingering herskirt. Baldo and Ambo awaited the coming oftheir fatherwith fear written ontheir faces. Baldohated hisfather asmuch ashefearedhim. He watchedhim nowwith half amind toflee asTang Ciaco approachedwith the pieceoffirewood held firmly in one hand. He a big, gauntman with thick bonywrists andstoopshoulders. Ashort-sleevedcotton shirt revealedhis sinewy arms onwhich the blood-vesselsstood outlike roots. His short pantsshowed his bony-kneed,hard-muscledlegs covered with blackhair. He was acarpenter.He had come homedrunkthenight before. He was not an habitualdrunkard,but nowandthenhe drank great quantitiesofbasi and came home and beat his wifeand children. ~-,,, __ ,. Hewould blame them fortheirhard life and poverty. Youare aprostitute, ~_ he wo~ldr6arat his wife, and as he beat his children,he would shout,I -~. . - will kill you both, you bastards. IfNana Elang venturedto remonstrate, he would beat them harderand curse her forbeing an interferingwhore. I am king in my house,he would say. Nowas he approachedthe two,Ambo coweredbehindhis elder brother.Heheld ontoBaldosundershirt,keeping hiswounded hand at his back,unabletoremove his gazefromhis fathersclose-set,red-specked eyes. The puppy with ayelp slunk between Baldos legs. Baldo looked at the dog, avoidinghis fatherseyes. TangCiaco roaredat them to get away from the dog: Fools! Dont yousee it ismad? Baldo laid ahand onAmbo as they movedback hastily. He wantedto tell his fatherit was not true,thedog was not mad, itwas all Ambos fault,but his tongue refusedtomove. The puppy attemptedto follow them,butTang Ciaco caughtit with a sweepingblow ofthe pieceoffirewood. The puppy wasflung into the air. It rolledover once beforeitfell, howling weakly. Again thechunkoffirewood descended,Tang Ciaco gruntingwith the efforthe put into the blow,and thepuppyceasedtohowl. It lay on its side, feebly moving its jaws from which darkblood oozed. Once moreTang Ciaco raisedhis arm, but Baldo suddenlyclungtoitwith both handsand beggedhim tostop. Enough,father,enough. Dont beat itanymore,he entreated. Tears flowed down his upraisedface. TangCiaco shook him offwith an oath. Baldo fell on his face in the dust. He did notrise, but cried and sobbed and tore his hair.The rays of the risingsun fell brightlyupon him, turnedtogold the dustthat he raised withhiskicking feet. TangCiaco dealt the batteredpuppy anotherblowand at last itlay limpy still. He kickedit over and watchedfor a sign oflife. The puppy did not movewhere it lay twistedon its side. He turnedhis attentionto Baldo. Get up, he said, hoarsely, pushingthe boywith his foot. Baldo was deaf. He went on crying and kickingin the dust. Tang Ciaco struckhim with the pieceofwoodin his handand againtold him toget up. Baldo writhedand cried harder,claspinghis handsover the backofhis head. Tang Ciaco took hold ofone ofthe boys arms and jerkedhim tohis feet. Then he began tobeat him, regardlessofwhere ~,~. the blows fell. ~. .~do encircledhis head with his loose arm and strovetofree  ·~ ·-. hifil8elf,running aroundhisfather,plunging backward, ducking and twisting. Shamelesssonofawhore,Tang Ciacoroared. Stand still, Ill teachyou toobey me. He shortenedhis grip on the arm ofBaldo and laid on his blows. Baldo fell tohis knees,screamingformercy. He called onhis mother tohelp him. NanaElangcame down, but she hesitatedat the footofthe ladder.Ambo rantoher. Youtoo,Tang Ciaco cried,and struckat the fleeing Ambo. The pieceoffirewood caught him behindthe kneesand he fell on his face. Nana Elang ran tothe fallen boyand pickedhim up, brushing his clotheswith her handstoshake offthe dust. TangCiaco pushedBaldo toward her. The boytotteredforward weakly, dazedand trembling. He had ceasedtocry aloud,but he shook with hard,spasmodicsobs which he tried vainly tostop. Heretake yourchild,Tang Ciacosaid, thickly. He faced the curiousstudentsand neighborswhohad gatheredby the sideofthe road. He yelledat them togoaway.He said itwas none of their businessifhe killed his children. They are mine,he shouted. I feed them and Ican do anything Ilike with them. The studentsran hastilytoschool. The neighborsreturnedtotheir work. TangCiaco went tothe house,cursingin aloud voice. Passingthe deadpuppy, he pickeditup byits hind legs and flung it away. The black and whitebody soaredthroughthe sunlitair; fell among the tall corn behindthehouse. Tang Ciaco, still cursingandgrumbling,strode upstairs. He threw the chunkoffirewood besidethe stove. He squatted bythe lowtableand began eating the breakfasthis wifehad preparedfor him.

Climate Change Impacts Tourism Destination Tourism Essay Example

Climate Change Impacts Tourism Destination Tourism Essay Tourism is an of import beginning of economic growing in the Caribbean. Indeed, it is one of the most of import industrial sectors in some states in the sub part. Furthermore, its significance to any one state increases in conformity with the measure of tourism-related services associated with the sector. The World Tourism Organization ( WTO ) has declared that international touristry figures increased by 2 % during 2007, and has predicted that the figure of international tourers will make the 1.6 billion grade by the twelvemonth 2020. What needs to be considered is how many of those possible tourers would see the Caribbean and what impact clime alteration would hold on that figure. There is no uncertainty that clime is an of import influence on the touristry sector. Numerous surveies that analyze climate informations indicate that our clime is altering ; for illustration, the mean planetary temperature has increased by about 0.6a? °C during the 20th century. More than that, the rate of addition in air temperature in the Caribbean bomber part has exceeded the international mean ( Mimura et al, 2007 ) . These forecasted climatic alterations could potentially hold deductions for the tourer industry in the Caribbean and around the Earth. Climate can hold physical, physiological and psychological ( Table 1 ) effects for visitants to a finish. For illustration, the air temperature can do the possible activities of visitants to the Caribbean less gratifying due to the portion uncomfortableness of traveling out-of-doorss. Indeed, Lise and Tol ( 2002, pp.430 ) in an scrutiny of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) group of states reported that visitants tend to prefer temperatures of around 21 °C at their pick of vacation finish and they suggested that planetary heating could therefore lead to a displacement off from some finishs that either go excessively hot or excessively cold. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Impacts Tourism Destination Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Impacts Tourism Destination Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change Impacts Tourism Destination Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This survey attempts to find the possible impact of clime alteration on Caribbean states, utilizing tourer reachings, clime ( represented by temperature and precipitation ) et al economic information for the 1989-2007 period. A cardinal aim is to gauge the economic impact of clime alteration on touristry income under four clime alteration scenarios ( A1, A2, B1 and B2 ) . It will besides augment a standard theoretical account of touristry demand with an index of climatic characteristics developed by Lewis-Bynoe et Al. ( 2009 ) for the Caribbean. The prognostic ability of the theoretical account is so evaluated and employed to calculate the possible impact of alterations in climatic characteristics on regional touristry demand. It will besides supply estimations of the importance of climatic characteristics to historical touristry demand in the Caribbean. Harmonizing to Braun et Al ( 1999, pp.249 ) , environmental factors are cardinal constituents when tourers choose a vacation finish. There is converting grounds to demo that the universe s clime will go on to alter during this century. Future fluctuations in temperature et Al facets associated with clime alteration will hold differing effects on different parts worldwide. It is extremely likely that most of these direct effects of clime alteration, and their subsequent indirect effects, would hold an impact on the Caribbean bomber part. Reappraisal of Literature Most of the early attacks to measuring the impact of clime alteration on touristry focused on a individual variable: temperature. One of the earliest surveies in the country, Abegg and Koenig ( 1997, pp.47 ) , evaluated the impact of predicted alterations in conditions conditions on the winter touristry industry in Switzerland. Abegg and Koenig ( 1997, pp55 ) reported that, under current clime conditions, 85 % of all Swiss ski countries are snow-reliable. However, this figure would drop to 63 % if temperatures were to lift by 2 °C and hence have deductions for regionally balanced economic growing. Harmonizing to Scott et Al ( 2004, pp.74 ) , the interrelatedness between the conditions and touristry has featured in surveies dating from the 1930s. In 1936, for illustration, Selke wrote on the geographic facets of the German tourer trade. So far, these surveies have been few, and merely in recent times has the literature on touristry started to increase. These touristry surveies, as stated by Hamilton and Tol ( 2007, pp.250 ) , focused chiefly on economic factors and did non include clime variables in the modeling procedure. The surveies had short time-horizons, and clime was taken to be a changeless variable. However, there is much grounds to demo that clime will alter in the long tally, and that this alteration is being hastened by human activities. Lise and Tol ( 2002, pp.439 ) , besides utilizing temperature as their chief step of the effects of clime alteration, usage arrested development techniques to happen the optimum or preferable temperatures of visitants emanating from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) group of states. The writers report that visitants from these states tend to prefer a temperature of around 21 °C at their pick of vacation finish. Lise and Tol hence suggest that planetary heating could therefore in a displacement off from some finishs that either go excessively hot or excessively cold. One of the jobs of the attacks suggested supra is that they focus on merely one peculiar feature of a finish s conditions ( temperature ) to do anticipations of likely impact of clime alteration. Mieczkowski ( 1985, pp.220 ) , nevertheless, conceptualized that tourer finishs are normally characterized by climatic conditions that would be most comfy for the mean visitant. The writer hence developed a touristry clime index ( TCI ) that was a leaden norm of seven ( 7 ) climatic variables: ( 1 ) monthly means for maximal day-to-day temperature ; ( 2 ) mean day-to-day temperature ; ( 3 ) minimal day-to-day comparative humidness ; ( 4 ) mean day-to-day comparative humidness ; ( 5 ) entire precipitation ; ( 6 ) entire hours of sunlight and ; ( 7 ) norm wind velocity. The deliberate TCI ranged from -20 ( impossible ) to 100 ( ideal ) . While imitating the TCI under assorted clime alteration scenarios provides of import information on the comparative attraction of a finish in the hereafter, it can non supply estimations of the impact these alterations are likely to hold on touristry demand. As a consequence, some writers have used the generated TCI in a theoretical account of touristry demand to project the possible impact of these forecasted alterations on touristry characteristics. Hein ( 2007, pp.2 ) , for illustration, augments a theoretical account of touristry demand in Spain with the TCI index for this state to place the possible impact that changes in climatic conditions can hold on the hereafter of the industry at that place. The writer found that tourer flows to this finish could fall by up to 20 per centum by 2080 compared to 2004, mostly due to higher temperatures during the summer. However, during the spring and fall, there could be increased visitant reachings. Rather than concentrating on the climatic characteristics of the place finish, Berrittella et Al. ( 2006, pp.915 ) effort to see the effects of clime alteration on the general ingestion penchants of tourers utilizing a universe estimable general equilibrium theoretical account to measure the possible effects of clime alteration. The impact of clime alteration on touristry is captured through two channels: alterations in private domestic purchases to be specific and international income transportations, since disbursement by visitants in the domestic economic system impacts ingestion every bit good as income transportations. Berrittella et Al. ( 2006, pp.920 ) undertaking that net also-rans are likely to be Western Europe, energy exporting states and the remainder of the universe, which contains the Caribbean, and are forecasted to be become excessively hot to be pleasant. Hamilton et Al. ( 2005, pp.245 ) besides obtain similar projections by utilizing a theoretical account of planeta ry touristry flows to project the possible impact of higher temperatures on tourer flows. Empirical Approach The TCI is a utile manner to summaries the possible deductions that climate alteration could hold on the attraction of a finish. It does non, nevertheless, present a quantitative appraisal of the likely impact on touristry demand. To obtain such an estimation, a standard demand theoretical account is augmented with the TCIs for each Caribbean island every bit good as that for its rivals. Based on Kim and Uysal ( 1997 ) , Lathiras and Siriopoulos ( 1998 ) , Lee, Var and Blaine ( 1996 ) , Lim ( 1997, pp.84 ) every bit good as Song and Witt ( 2000, pp450 ) the touristry demand theoretical account is assumed to take the undermentioned signifier: Arrit = ?’ ( Yit, PtB / PitS, PtB / PtC, Fit, EXit ) ( Equation 2 ) Arrit are entire visitant reachings from beginning market I in period T, Yit is the income in the beginning market, PtB / PitS is the comparative monetary value of Barbados and the beginning market, PtB / PtC is the comparative monetary value in Barbados and its chief rival, Fit is the cost of travel between Barbados and the beginning market and EXit is the bilateral exchange rate. To account for the impact of clime characteristics on touristry demand, Equation ( 2 ) is augmented with a comparative TCI ( comparative to rivals ) this expression was obtained from Winston Ricardo Moore ( 2010 ) : Arrit = degree Fahrenheit ( Yit, PtB / PitS, PtB / PtC, Fit, EXit, TCItB / TCIiC ) ( Equation 3 ) Some of the variables included in the specification are improbable to be stationary. Ignoring the non-stationary of the variables in the arrested development theoretical account can take to invalid illations ( Pesaran and Smith, 1998 ) . Therefore the autoregressive distributed slowdown ( ARDL ) model ( Pesaran and Shin, 1999 ; Pesaran et al. , 2001 ) to gauging long run relationships between variables is employed. The attack to proving for the being of a relationship between variables in degrees is appropriate whether the implicit in regressors are I ( 0 ) or I ( 1 ) . Four emanations scenarios ( A1, A2, B2 and B1 ) outlined by the IPCC are besides examined. The emanations scenarios assume that the chief drive forces of future nursery gas path will go on to be a alteration in demographic, societal and economic development, and the rate and way of alteration in engineering. The A1 and B1 scenarios are based on the low International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis ( IIASA ) 1996 population projections: the universe population is expected to lift to 8.7 billion by 2050 and fall toward 7 billion by 2100 due to a decrease in birthrate every bit good as mortality. In contrast, the B2 scenario uses the long-run United Nation s ( UN ) Medium 1998 population projection of 10.4 billion by 2100, while the A2 scenario assumes a high population growing of 15 billion by 2100 owing to a important diminution in mortality for most parts ( IPCC, 2000 ) . All scenarios exclude surprise or catastrophe scenarios. Table 2 SRES plot lines used for ciphering future nursery gas et Al pollutant emanations Storyline Description A1 Very rapid economic growing ; population peaks mid-century ; societal, cultural and economic convergence among parts ; market mechanisms dominate. Subdivisions: A1F1 trust on fossil fuels ; A1T trust on non-fossil fuels ; A1B a balance across all fuel beginnings A2 Self trust ; saving of local individualities ; continuously increasing population ; economic growing on regional graduated tables B1 Clean and efficient engineerings ; decrease in stuff usage ; planetary solutions to economic, societal and environmental sustainability ; improved equity ; population peaks mid-century B2 Local solutions to sustainability ; continuously increasing population at a lower rate than in A2 ; less rapid technological alteration than in B1 and A1 Beginning: Table A.2, page 107 of the United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme UKCIP02 clime scenarios proficient study The emanation scenarios provide 16 combinations of clime theoretical account and emanation scenarios that cover 93 per centum of the possible scope of planetary clime alteration foreseen by the IPCC ( W.R. Moore, 2010 ) . Since each of the scenarios is merely every bit likely the norm of the 16 scenarios is employed. These forecasted clime indexs are used to cipher the awaited alteration in the TCI for each of the 18 Caribbean states under probe. Consequences Using the methodological approached outlined in the old subdivision ; trials for stationarity were undertaken for all the variables under consideration. Given the importance of climatic characteristics to regional touristry demand, it is of import to measure the possible effects that climate alteration can hold on future viability of the industry. One manner to measure the impact of clime alteration on the regional tourer industry is to derive projections for the TCI under assorted clime alteration scenarios and use the touristry demand theoretical account to obtain possible scenarios for regional touristry. The touristry demand theoretical account is estimated utilizing informations from 1980 to 2000 and so employed to calculating tourer reachings over assorted skylines between 2001 and 2004. The prediction public presentation is assessed comparative to two naif theoretical accounts: ( 1 ) a theoretical account with merely a changeless and ( 2 ) a theoretical account with a changeless and a lagged dependant variable and ( 3 ) is an estimated touristry demand theoretical account. Based on the consequences, it suggests that the estimated touristry demand is making better than the other counter parts. Table 3 Forecast rating statistics ( 2001-2004 ) . 1-Year skyline 2-Year prediction skyline 4-Year prediction skyline M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 RMSE 1.074 0.426 0.263 1.075 0.572 0.278 1.064 0.789 0.331 MAE 0.643 0.214 0.197 0.641 0.283 0.211 0.668 0.434 0.246 Thiel 0.044 0.017 0.011 0.044 0.023 0.011 0.044 0.032 0.013 Cov. Prop. 0.678 0.833 0.681 0.679 0.812 0.695 0.657 0.743 0.725 Notes: M1 is a theoretical account with merely a changeless, M2 is a theoretical account with merely a changeless and lagged dependant variable, while M3 is the touristry demand theoretical account estimated earlier. Beginning: Winston Ricardo Moore ( 2010 ) .The forecast rating statistics provided above hence imply that the touristry demand theoretical account can be employed to calculate the impact of alterations in touristry characteristics likely to happen from clime alteration. Table 4 below illustrates the estimated clime alteration on the four most likely scenarios within the Caribbean. The tabular array shows that in A1 and A2 climate alteration scenarios, suggests little betterment in touristry demand in the Caribbean due to climate alterations, while B1 and B2 climate alteration scenarios suggest that the regional tourer industry can diminish to approximately 1.2 % per twelvemonth due to climate craps. It besides shows and increase across the four scenarios in some of the Caribbean states for illustration Dominica, Dominican Republic, Haiti and so forth, while St. Lucia would be sing a diminution across all four scenarios of reachings. Table 4 Projected Annual Growths in Tourist Arrivals ( 2071-2100 ) State % Deviation from Baseline A1FI A2 B1 B2 Antigua 2.203 2.203 -0.112 -0.112 Aruba 2.694 2.694 -3.732 -3.732 Barbados 0.491 0.491 -0.154 -5.935 Bermuda 0.449 0.449 -5.977 -4.694 British Virgin Islands 2.203 2.203 -0.112 1.171 Cayman Islands 2.203 2.203 -0.112 1.171 Dominica 7.597 7.597 1.171 1.171 Dominican Republic 6.391 7.597 1.171 1.171 Grenada 2.016 2.016 -4.410 -4.410 Haiti 2.694 2.694 1.171 1.171 Jamaica 2.203 2.203 -5.693 -5.693 Montserrat 6.315 6.315 -0.112 -0.112 St. Kitts 7.597 8.803 2.377 2.377 St. Lucia -0.048 -0.048 -0.247 -0.247 St. Vincent 2.377 2.377 -4.049 -4.049 Suriname 7.597 7.597 2.640 2.640 Trinidad and Tobago 3.019 1.370 -5.057 -5.057 Average 3.222 3.265 -1.180 -1.287 Change in Entire Tourist Expenditure ( 2004 $ ) 321.035 356.386 -118.208 -146.099 Beginning: Winston Ricardo Moore ( 2010 ) Decision The Caribbean industry has been one of the chief resources for growing and development in a state. Therefore it is of import to measure possible menaces that will impact that industry and seek to protect the touristry industry from any of those menaces. One of the chief menaces that have been late identified in recent old ages is climate alteration. Climate alteration can hold possible impacts on both the supply and demand side of the tourer merchandises. On the supply side an addition in frequence and strength of tropical storms can impact the hotel industries every bit good as the tourer attractive forces, while on the demand side a alteration in clime can do a displacement in visitant s forms. In this research paper it provides a possible appraisal of the possible impacts a alteration in part climes could hold on touristry demand. The touristry demand is estimated utilizing a database incorporating information on the reachings and cardinal explanatory variables for 18 Caribbean states which were achieved from the board of touristry and from Mr. Winston Ricardo Moore. The theoretical account is estimated utilizing informations over the period 1980-2004. Using informations on the parts likely climatic alteration from the touristry demand theoretical account was employed to excite the impact of alterations in climatic characteristics on reachings. The lone restrictions to this paper is that it ignores the possible decrease in touristry demand that could happen if the part is capable to higher frequence of hurricanes and natural catastrophes. If this occurs the demand for the parts merchandise could be affected if climate alteration leads to set down loss, a decrease in biodiversity every bit good as harm the hotel industries. The steps that would be put in topographic point for the bar of theses catastrophes may besides do deductions in the long draw for trips to the Caribbean.

PhD at Boston University 8 Geography Dissertation Requirements You Have to Meet at Any Cost

PhD at Boston University 8 Geography Dissertation Requirements You Have to Meet at Any Cost PhD at Boston University: 8 Geography Dissertation Requirements You Have to Meet at Any Cost Interested in completing a PhD geography dissertation at Boston University? That’s great! We’re ready to provide you with all the information you could possibly need to know about its requirements. Firstly, Boston University is a great choice to do a geography PhD because is it a leading research institution. A PhD is considered to be prestigious, but it requires a lot of work and efforts to be completed the right way. Everyone has its own requirements. We’re going to introduce the PhD requirements at Boston University: According to the Geography program, students are to complete 16 courses. This works out to 64 credits. Credit transfers are possible and should be worked out with an advisor. As a part of the 64 credits, CAS GE 516 Multivariate Analysis for Geographers (or equivalent) must be taken. Two analytical methods courses are also a part of the core requirements for the geography dissertation. One course (preferably more) must be taken in a similar field outside of the department. Towards the end of the term of a coursework, students have to pass a qualifying exam. This exam is two-part. There is a written and oral examination. The written one is on two large fields of geography. The oral one is done after students’ work (papers, other coursework exams, theses, etc.) has been reviewed by a committee. In order to demonstrate their capability of an independent study, a dissertation must be finished. The research prospectus and a proposal for this are expected. Then, a final oral exam is given for a student to defend the dissertation. Sometime after six courses have been finished and before the entire 16 courses are complete, a research paper and its presentation must be given to the department. This is a separate stage from the dissertation but is still required. During this program, students are expected to give, at least, one colloquium presentation with the purpose of showing progress in their research. This is the outline of the requirements for getting a PhD in Geography at the Boston University. The dissertation is a necessary and important part of this process. And, you should be ready to follow all these rules. Each one has even further requirements, but don’t get overwhelmed. Take every one step by step; the staff and professors at the university are there to help you. Speak to your fellow students as well. They are going through the same thing and are a helpful source of the dissertation requirements. You could even make lifelong friends or networking connections for when you get out of school. A geography dissertation is a serious undertaking and we wish you the best of luck with it! To double-check that you have met all the requirements when you have finished writing your paper, you could get further help from a writing service to get custom written dissertations online.